Sub-GHz patch antennas are compact, highly efficient antennas designed for sub-GHz frequencies such as 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 915 MHz. Patch antennas are typically planar and operate by using a radiating patch (usually made of metal) mounted above a ground plane, with the design optimized for lower frequency applications. They are commonly used in a variety of applications like IoT devices, wireless communication, and remote sensing, where compact size, reliable performance, and easy integration are important.